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BACKGROUND: Physical fitness is a health marker in youth and is associated with current and future health. OBJECTIVE: Present the healthy fitness zone (HFZ) prevalence and age-specific fitness profile of young people from seven European countries. METHODS: This study used data from the European Fitness Monitoring System project. The sample comprised 4965 (51.4% boys) youths aged 9 to 18 years. Fitness data were collected by physical education teachers using field-based tests. Raw data from the fitness tests were used to calculate the prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of participants in the HFZ. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of boys and girls in the HFZ for all tests was 16.6% (95% CI = 14.7, 18.1) and 14.9% (95% CI = 13.2, 16.6), respectively. Boys have a mainly positive HFZ profiles, except for the 9-year-olds in the sit and reach (z-score difference = -1.20) and the 20 m run for boys 13-18-year-olds (z-score difference range: -0.09 to -0.01). Girls have worse HFZ profiles than boys, being out of the HFZ in several tests. Furthermore, a decreasing trend in z-score difference from the HFZ with age was observed in VO2 peak for boys and girls and sit and reach for girls. Notwithstanding, several country-related, sex and age differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Boys presented mostly healthy age-specific fitness profiles in several fitness tests and ages. These differences should be considered when promoting youth's health through physical activity and fitness, as different fitness levels may require different approaches to implementing health-enhancing physical activity policies.
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Exercício Físico , Aptidão Física , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Humanos , Prevalência , Teste de Esforço , Fatores Etários , Índice de Massa CorporalRESUMO
SUMMARY: The Olympic Games always offer great interest when it comes to water polo. Currently, many selections have an approximate quality and details determine who will win. Prior to the tournament the authors wanted to verify body composition and anthropometric characteristics of players of the three national teams, Serbia, the United States of America (USA) and Montenegro. The purpose of this research was to determine the differences in body composition and anthropometric characteristics between the water polo players of the national team of Serbia and Olympic champion in Tokyo 2021, the national team of USA which took sixth place and the national team of Montenegro, which took the eighth place. Body mass index, fat percentage and muscle mass (body composition variables) were evaluated by Bioelectric Impedance type MC-980 and body height, body weight, triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, skinfold of the back, abdominal skinfold, upper leg skinfold, lower leg skinfold (other anthropometric characteristics) were evaluated by an anthropometer and a calliper. ANOVA showed that there was a statistically significant difference in fat percentage. The LSD post hoc test showed statistically significant differences between the water polo players of the Montenegrin national team (13.33 %) compared to the water polo players of the USA national team (16.67 %). It can be stated that water polo players from Montenegro had a statistically significantly lower fat percentage than water polo players from the USA and a lower level of fat than water polo players from Serbia, though this was not statistically significant. Although the fat percentage is a disruptive factor with athletes, it had no effect on the result at the Olympic Games in Tokyo, because Serbia eventually won the gold medal, the USA obtained sixth place, and Montenegro eighth place. It means that some other abilities influenced the results at the Tokyo Olympics in water polo, for example tactical, physical, psychological, technical... which is to be shown by some other research.
Los Juegos Olímpicos siempre ofrecen un gran interés en lo que respecta al waterpolo. Actualmente, muchas selecciones tienen una calidad aproximada y los detalles determinan quién ganará. Antes del torneo, los autores deseaban comprobar la composición corporal y las características antropométricas de los jugadores de las tres selecciones nacionales: Serbia, Estados Unidos (EE.UU.) y Montenegro, que siempre tienen las mayores ambiciones en las grandes competiciones. El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar las diferencias en composición corporal y características antropométricas entre los jugadores de waterpolo de la selección nacional de Serbia, que fue campeona olímpica en Tokio 2021, la selección nacional de Estados Unidos que ocupó el sexto lugar y la selección nacional de Montenegro, que acabó octavo. El índice de masa corporal, el porcentaje de grasa y la masa muscular (variables de composición corporal) se evaluaron mediante Impedancia Bioeléctrica tipo MC-980 y la altura corporal, el peso corporal, el pliegue del tríceps, el pliegue del bíceps, el pliegue de la espalda, el pliegue abdominal, el pliegue de la parte superior de la pierna y la parte inferior de la pierna. Los pliegues cutáneos (otras características antropométricas) fueron evaluados mediante un antropómetro y un calibrador. ANOVA mostró que había una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el porcentaje de grasa. La prueba post hoc de LSD mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los jugadores de waterpolo de la selección nacional de Montenegro (13,33 %) en comparación con los jugadores de waterpolo de la selección de Estados Unidos (16,67 %). Se puede afirmar que los jugadores de waterpolo de Montenegro tenían un porcentaje de grasa estadísticamente significativamente menor que los jugadores de waterpolo de EE. UU. y un nivel de grasa más bajo que los jugadores de waterpolo de Serbia, lo que no es estadísticamente significativo. Aunque el porcentaje de grasa es un factor perturbador para los atletas, no tuvo ningún efecto en el resultado de los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio, ya que al final Serbia ganó la medalla de oro, Estados Unidos quedó en sexto lugar y Montenegro en el octavo lugar. Esto significa que en los resultados de los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio en el waterpolo influyeron otras habilidades, por ejemplo tácticas, físicas, psicológicas y técnicas, tal como lo demostrarán investigaciones a futuro.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Composição Corporal , Antropometria , Esportes Aquáticos , Análise de VariânciaRESUMO
Note: The authors apologize for the rather extensive text corrections [...].
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The inhabitants of the Dinaric Alps (former Yugoslavia and Albania) have long been known as people of impressive body height, but after World War II, there was a critical lack of data related to this phenomenon. This anthropological synthesis includes the measurements of 47,158 individuals (24,642 males and 22,516 females) from the period 2010−2018 and describes detailed regional differences in male stature in the Western Balkans. According to these data, young men from Montenegro (182.9 cm) are currently the tallest 18-year-olds in the world, surpassing their Dutch peers (182.4 cm), and 18-year-old boys from Dalmatia are even taller (183.7 cm) at a regional level. A continuous belt of extraordinary height means (>184 cm) stretches from the Adriatic coast of Dalmatia through Herzegovina to the central part of Montenegro. This article summarizes all the key socio-economic, nutritional, and genetic data, and offers possible explanations for this anthropological phenomenon. Since the remarkable height of the Dinaric populations cannot be connected with any commonly known environmental factor, the most probable hypothesis is genetic and links these physical characteristics with the local founder effect of Y haplogroup I-M170. Furthermore, given that both the level of socio-economic development and dietary protein quality are still sub-optimal, the local upward trend in body height has the potential to continue in the future.
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There is evidence that functional training is beneficial for the overall physical fitness of athletes. However, there is a lack of a systematic review focused on the effects of functional training on athletes' physical fitness. Thus, the aimed of the present review is to clarify the effects of functional training on physical fitness among athletes. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) Statement guidelines, the systematic search of PubMed, SCOPUS, EBSCOhost (SPORTDiscus), and CINAHL Plus databases was undertaken on the 2nd November 2020 to identify the reported studies, using a combination of keywords related to functional training, physical fitness, and athletes. From the 145 studies, only nine articles met all eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. The assessment was performed on the Pedro scale, and the quality of the study included in the nine studies was fair (ranging from 3 to 4). The results showed that speed (n = 6) was the aspect of physical fitness studied in functional training interventions, followed by muscular strength (n = 5), power (n = 4), balance (n = 3), body composition (n = 3), agility (n = 3), flexibility (n = 1) and muscular endurance (n = 1). Existing evidence concludes that functional training significantly impacts speed, muscular strength, power, balance, and agility. Furthermore, there are still limit numbers of evidence showing effect of functional training on flexibility and muscular endurance. In contrast, no significant improvement was found in body composition where functional training was conducted. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier: CRD4202123092.
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This study aimed to consolidate the body height, body weight, BMI, and nutrition status data of the overall young male population from the Municipality of Berane in order to assess the trajectories of those variables from 1979 to 1987. The sample of respondents included 8740 adolescents who were divided into nine groups according to their age. The sample of variables included body height, body weight, body mass index, and nutrition status, which were presented based on a long-established BMI categorization (underweight, normal weight, pre-obese, and obese). The descriptive statistics are expressed as the mean and standard deviation for each variable; the analysis of nutrition status was calculated based on BMI, while LSD post hoc testing with ANOVA was employed to investigate differences between the means. The results indicate that a secular trend is visible regarding body height and body weight, while no trend is visible for the BMI and nutrition status. This study's contribution is that it provides insight into more recently published data for the studied period and in this municipality, which can significantly aid in following the secular trend throughout Montenegro.
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Estatura , Estado Nutricional , Adolescente , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Humanos , Masculino , MontenegroRESUMO
Obesity represents a major risk factor for population health. No studies have evaluated how economic expansion impacts the prevalence of obesity. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between national economic development and body mass index (BMI) in Chinese children and adolescents. Data of mean BMI in children and adolescents aged 5-19 from 1986 to 2019 were extracted from an international database of cardiometabolic risk factors. Chinese economic development was quantified by the gross domestic product (GDP), which was extracted from the International Monetary Fund. The relationships between GDP and BMI were assessed in 1-year age groups for ages 5-19 years. In addition, the linear regression from the main data and estimated GDP growth allowed the projections of mean BMI for each age group between 2020 and 2025. The results suggest there was a linear increase in BMI over years, which means that there has been a steady increase in BMI over the economic expansion. Overall, 97% of the variance (Pearson correlation coefficient) of BMI in boys can be explained by the GDP expansion, and the same pattern (98% of the variance) occurred in girls. Projected mean BMI were provided for constructing future national strategies to prevent overweight and obesity in youth. In conclusion, BMI in children and adolescents aged 5-19 trended upwards between 1986 and 2019. Our analyses for the first time suggest that globalization has a major impact on BMI in China. Economic expansion was highly predictive of BMI increases.
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SUMMARY: This research aimed to determine the differences between the junior (U18) water polo players of five Croatian and one Montenegrin clubs in the anthropometric characteristics and body composition. The first sample of the subjects consisted of 14 players of the water polo club Mladost average age 17.57±0.65, the second sample consisted of 11 players of the water polo club Sibenik (17.82±0.65), the third sample consisted of 13 players of the water polo club Primorje (17.23±1.01), the fourth sample consisted of 15 players of the water polo club Mornar (17.13±0.64), the fifth sample consisted of 13 players of the water polo club Medvescak (17.92±0.76) and the sixth sample consisted of 10 players of the water polo club Jadran Herceg Novi (Montenegro) (17.70±1.34). In the 2010-11 season, these clubs participated in Regional Water Polo League, commonly known as the Regional League or Adriatic League in Southeast Europe. The measurements was conducted in the competition season in the period September-December 2010, at sports centers and swimming pools of water polo clubs that participated in the research. Anthropometric characteristics and body composition were evaluated using a battery of 12 variables: body height, body weight, arm length, arm span, leg length, foot length, chest skinfold, triceps skinfold, back skinfold, abdominal skinfold, upper leg skinfold and body mass index. The standard central and dispersion parameters of all variables were calculated. The significance of the differences between the water polo players of six teams in the variables for assessing anthropometric characteristics and body composition were determined using ANOVA and an LSD Post Hoc test.Based on the central and dispersion parameters, it can be stated that the values of all the variables are highly similar to all of the water polo players of these six clubs. The ANOVA test found that the water polo players of the six international clubs do not have statistically significant differences in the variables for assessing anthropometric characteristics and body composition.
RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las diferencias entre los jugadores de waterpolo juvenil (U18) de cinco clubes croatas y uno montenegrino en las características antropométricas y la composición corporal. La primera muestra estuvo conformada por 14 jugadores del club de waterpolo Mladost de una edad promedio 17,57 ± 0,65 años, la segunda muestra estuvo conformada por 11 jugadores del club de waterpolo Sibenik (17,82 ± 0,65), la tercera muestra estuvo conformada por 13 jugadores de waterpolo del club Primorje (17,23 ± 1,01), la cuarta muestra estuvo formada por 15 jugadores del club de waterpolo Mornar (17,13 ± 0,64), la quinta muestra estuvo formada por 13 jugadores del club de waterpolo Medvescak (17,92 ± 0,76) y la sexta muestra consistió en 10 jugadores del club de waterpolo Jadran Herceg Novi (Montenegro) (17,70 ± 1,34). En la temporada 2010-11, estos clubes participaron en la Liga Regional de Waterpolo, comúnmente conocida como la Liga Regional o Liga Adriática en el sudeste de Europa. Las mediciones se realizaron en la temporada de competencias en el período septiembre-diciembre de 2010, en los polideportivos y piscinas de los clubes de waterpolo que participaron en la investigación. Las características antropométricas y la composición corporal se evaluaron utilizando una batería de 12 variables: altura corporal, peso corporal, longitud del brazo, extensión del brazo, longitud de la pierna, longitud del pie, pliegue del pecho, pliegue del tríceps, pliegue cutáneo de la espalda, pliegue cutáneo abdominal, pliegue cutáneo de la parte superior de la pierna e índice de masa corporal. Se calcularon los parámetros estándar central y de dispersión de todas las variables. Se determinó la significancia de las diferencias entre los jugadores de waterpolo de seis equipos en las variables de evaluación de características antropométricas y composición corporal mediante ANOVA y un test LSD Post Hoc. Con base en los parámetros central y de dispersión, se observó que los valores de todas las variables eran muy similares en todos los jugadores de waterpolo de estos seis clubes. La prueba ANOVA mostró que los jugadores de waterpolo de los seis clubes internacionales no tienen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las variables para evaluar características antropométricas y composición corporal.
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Humanos , Adolescente , Composição Corporal , Antropometria , Esportes Aquáticos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Análise de VariânciaRESUMO
SUMMARY: The purpose of this study was to describe the anthropometric characteristics and body composition of elite handball and volleyball players from the Serbian national league as well as to make comparisons between them. Sixty males were enrolled, divided into three groups: 15 handball players, 14 volleyball players, and 31 healthy sedentary subjects. All subjects were assessed for the anthropometric measures required for the calculation of body composition variables, using the standardized procedures recommended by established literature. Data were analysed using SPSS, and the descriptive statistics were expressed as a mean (SD) for each variable, while the ANOVA and LSD Post Hoc tests were carried out to detect the effects of each type of sport. The results showed there was no significant difference for body weight and body mass index, nor were there any differences for the bone contents of bodies among the groups, while significant differences were found for body height, as well as for muscle and fat content of body among the groups. These findings may give coaches from the region better working knowledge and enable them to follow recent selection process methods and to be more careful during talent identification.
RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características antropométricas y la composición corporal de los jugadores de balonmano y voleibol de élite de la liga nacional serbia, y realizar comparaciones entre ellos. Se evaluaron sesenta hombres divididos en tres grupos: 15 jugadores de balonmano, 14 jugadores de voleibol y 31 sujetos sedentarios sanos. Se evaluaron las medidas antropométricas de todos los sujetos requeridas para el cálculo de las variables de composición corporal, utilizando los procedimientos estandarizados recomendados por la literatura establecida. Los datos se analizaron mediante SPSS y las estadísticas descriptivas se expresaron como media (DE) para cada variable, mientras que se realizaron las pruebas ANOVA y LSD Post Hoc para determinar los efectos de cada tipo de deporte. Los resultados mostraron que no hubo diferencias significativas para el peso corporal y el índice de masa corporal, ni hubo diferencias para el contenido óseo de los cuerpos entre los grupos, mientras que se encontraron diferencias significativas de altura corporal, así como para el contenido de músculo y grasa corporal. Estos hallazgos pueden proveer un mejor conocimiento de trabajo a los entrenadores de la región y permitirles seguir los métodos recientes del proceso de selección y estar más atentos durante la identificación de talentos.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Esportes , Composição Corporal , Antropometria , Atletas , Aptidão , Análise de Variância , Voleibol , SérviaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We aimed to focus on a review of the literature on physical activity and physical fitness for children and adolescents in Montenegro, to identify and evaluate the current situation and provide a better basis for the creation of a future monitoring system. METHODS: The Montenegrin Research Team (MRT) has set up a specific methodology that is reflected in the assessment of physical activity and physical fitness of Montenegrin children and adolescents through ten separate indicators. Grades were awarded based on data found in available scientific articles that were published up to 2018, as well as in the grey literature, such as government and nongovernment reports and online content from the same period. RESULTS: All indicators averaged 3.7 on a six-point scale. It is interesting to note that two indicators were rated as excellent, three more indicators were rated with above-average, four indicators were rated as below-average and, lastly, one indicator was rated as "unfinished". CONCLUSION: Children's and adolescents' physical activity and physical fitness for Montenegro might be good, especially if compared to other countries from the region.
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Introduction and Objective: This systematic review aimed to analyse the international evolution of fitness with its distributional changes in the performance on tests of physical fitness among school-aged children and adolescents. Methods: In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, the search was undertaken in four international databases (ERIC, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) to identify the studies reporting temporal trends in the physical fitness among school-aged children and adolescents. Results: A total of 485 potential articles were identified, of which 19 articles were relevant for the qualitative synthesis; 1,746,023 children and adolescents from 14 countries (China, Finland, Sweden, Belgium, New Zealand, Denmark, Spain, Norway, Mozambique, Poland, USA, Lithuania, Portugal, Canada), for the period between 1969 and 2017 were included. The subjects were tested using 45 motor tests from eight battery tests. The quality of the study in eight articles was rated as strong, while in 11 articles it was rated as moderate. Discussion: The vast majority of studies show a constant decline in strength and endurance. Three Chinese studies show an increase in strength from 1985 to 1995 and then a decline until 2014. For endurance, similar patterns were found in the two most comprehensive Chinese studies. The decline in flexibility is also evident in European countries. For agility, speed, balance, and coordination, the trend differs among populations.
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SUMMARY: The purpose of this research is to determine a regression equation for the estimation of stature from sitting height measurements in the Southern Region of Kosovo. This research was carried out on 225 individuals (120 male and 105 female). The anthropometric measurements were taken according to the ISAK protocol. The relationships between standing height and sitting height measurements were determined using simple correlation coefficients at a 95 % confidence interval. A comparison of means of standing height and sitting height between genders was performed using a t-test. After that, a linear regression analysis was carried out to examine the extent to which sitting height can reliably predict standing height. The results revealed that Southern Kosovan males are 178.61±5.73 cm tall and have a sitting height of 94.05±3.09 cm, while Southern Kosovan females are 165.33±4.46 cm tall and have a sitting height of 89.34±2.50 cm. The results have shown that both genders made Southern-Kosovans a tall group, taller than the general Kosovan population. This research study confirmed that sitting height reliably predicts stature in both genders of adolescents in the Southern Region of Kosovo and revealed a very useful finding for physical anthropologists and experts from related fields.
RESUMEN: El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar una ecuación de regresión para la estimación de la estatura a partir de mediciones de la altura sentada en la Región Sur de Kosovo. La investigación se realizó en 225 individuos (120 hombres y 105 mujeres). Las medidas antropométricas se tomaron según el protocolo ISAK. Se determinaron las relaciones entre la altura de pie y la altura sentada utilizando coeficientes de correlación simples con un intervalo de confianza del 95 %. Se realizó una comparación de las medias de la altura de pie y la altura sentada entre sexos mediante una prueba t. Además, se llevó a cabo un análisis de regresión lineal para la estimar la confiabilidad de la medición de altura de pie, considerando la altura sentada. Los resultados indican que los varones del sur de Kosovo miden 178,61 ± 5,73 cm de altura y tienen una altura sentada de 94,05 ± 3,09 cm, mientras que las mujeres miden 165,33 ± 4,46 cm de altura y tienen una altura sentada de 89,34 ± 2,50 cm. Los resultados han demostrado que ambos sexos kosovares del sur son más altos que la población general de Kosovo. Este estudio confirmó que la altura sentada predice de manera confiable la estatura de ambos sexos en adolescentes de la región sur de Kosovo y reveló un hallazgo útil para los antropólogos físicos y los expertos de áreas relacionadas.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Postura , Estatura , Antropometria , Intervalos de Confiança , Estudos Prospectivos , Análise de Regressão , Kosovo , Postura SentadaRESUMO
Introduction and Objective: This study aimed to consolidate body height and body weight, as well as the body mass index and nutrition status data of the entire male population of adolescents from Podgorica, the capital of Montenegro, in order to estimate trajectories in ahead mentioned variables from 1979 to 1987. Methods: The sample includes 15,717 male adolescents divided into nine groups according to their year of birth. The sample of variables includes body height, body weight, and body mass index, as well as nutrition status, which was presented based on BMI standardized categories (underweight, normal weight, pre-obese, obese). The descriptive statistics were expressed as a mean and standard deviation for each variable, while post-hoc test with ANOVA were employed to explore differences between the means. Results and Discussion: This study did not find significant differences in the body proportions of the measured group of subjects during the observed period, but some descriptive differences were observed that might be of interest for further analysis, especially when it comes to nutritional status. Conclusions: The novelty and the original contribution of this study is reflected in the fact that descriptive data from the second half of the 20th century have been published, which can significantly help to follow the secular trend of one of the tallest nations in the world from the beginning of the 20th century-Montenegro-which has specific body proportions.
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Estatura , Estado Nutricional , Adolescente , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Humanos , Masculino , MontenegroRESUMO
The aim of this research was to determine the differences between the cadets (U15) water polo players of national teams of Montenegro and Croatia in the body composition and anthropometric characteristics. A sample of 32 subjects was divided into two sub-samples. The first sub-sample of the subjects was consisted of 16 water polo players of Montenegro national team of the average age 14.69±.48, the vice champions on the European Championships in Burgas (Bulgaria) 2019, while the other sub-sample was consisted of 16 water polo players of national team of Croatia of the average age of 14.75±.45, who occupied the eighth position on the European Championships in Burgas (Bulgaria) 2019. Water polo players were tested at the final preparations just before the European championship. Body composition and anthropometric characteristics were evaluated by a battery of 11 variables: body height, body weight, triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, skinfold of the back, abdominal skinfold, upper leg skinfold, lower leg skinfold, body mass index, fat percentage and muscle mass. The standard central and dispersion parameters of all variables were calculated. The significance of the differences between the water polo players of two national teams in the variables for assessing body composition and anthropometric characteristics was determined by a t-test for independent samples. It was found that there are statistically significant differences in five variables, in three variables at p<0.01 (body height, triceps skinfold and biceps skinfold), and in two variables at p<0.05 (upper leg skinfold and muscle mass). It can be stated that the water polo players of Montenegro have statistically significantly higher triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold and upper leg skinfold, and statistically significantly lower body height and muscle mass than the water polo players of Croatia.
El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las diferencias entre los jugadores cadetes de waterpolo (U15) de los equipos nacionales de Montenegro y Croacia en la composición corporal y las características antropométricas. Se dividió una muestra de 32 jugadeores en dos submuestras. La primera submuestra consistió en 16 jugadores de waterpolo del equipo nacional de Montenegro con una edad promedio de 14,69 ± 0,48, los vicecampeones del Campeonato de Europa en Burgas (Bulgaria) 2019, mientras que la otra submuestra estuvo compuesta de 16 jugadores de waterpolo del equipo nacional de Croacia con una edad promedio de 14,75 ± 0,45, que ocuparon la octava posición en el Campeonato de Europa en Burgas (Bulgaria) 2019. Los jugadores de waterpolo fueron probados en los preparativos finales justo antes del campeonato europeo. La composición corporal y las características antropométricas se evaluaron mediante una batería de 11 variables: altura corporal, peso corporal, pliegue cutáneo del tríceps, pliegue cutáneo del bíceps, pliegue cutáneo de la espalda, pliegue abdominal, pliegue superior de la pierna, pliegue inferior de la pierna, índice de masa corporal, porcentaje de grasa y músculo masa. Se calcularon los parámetros estándar centrales y de dispersión de todas las variables. La importancia de las diferencias entre los jugadores de waterpolo de dos equipos nacionales en las variables para evaluar la composición corporal y las características antropométricas se determinó mediante una prueba t para muestras independientes. Se observó que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cinco variables, en tres variables con p <0,01 (altura corporal, pliegue de tríceps y pliegue de bíceps), y en dos variables con p <0,05 (pliegue superior de la pierna y masa muscular). Los jugadores de waterpolo de Montenegro tienen pliegues cutáneos de tríceps estadísticamente significativamente más altos, pliegues cutáneos de bíceps y pliegues superiores de las piernas, y una altura corporal y masa muscular estadísticamente significativamente menor que los jugadores de waterpolo de Croacia.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Composição Corporal , Esportes Aquáticos , Antropometria , Croácia , MontenegroRESUMO
The aim of this research was to determine the differences among the football players of three the most successful football clubs in Kosovo, FC Trepca ´89, FC Prishtina and FC Besa Peje in a terms of morphological characteristics and body composition. A sample of 53 subjects was divided into three sub-samples. Fifteen (15) players of FC Trepca ´89 of the average age 21.80±3.57, the champions of Kosovo, twenty (20) players of FC Prishtina of the average age of 24.30±4.99, the vice champions of the Kosovo Championship, and eighteen (18) players of FC Besa Peje of the average age 21.83±3.17, the champions of the Cup of Kosovo. Football players were tested immediately after the end of the competition season. Morphological characteristics in the body composition were evaluated by a battery of 10 variables: body height, body weight, waist circumference, triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, skinfold of the back, abdominal skinfold, body mass index, fat percentage and muscle mass. The significance of the differences between the players of the three the most successful football clubs in the morphological characteristics and variables for assessing body composition were determined by ANOVA and LSD post hoc test. ANOVA test found that the football players of the three mentioned clubs have statistically significant differences in one variable that estimate the waist circumference. The LSD Post Hoc test showed that football players of FC Besa Peje had significantly less value of waist circumference compared to the football players of FC Prishtina and FC Trepca ´89. The values of the waist circumference of all football players show that they belong to professional trained players, although their differences in this variable are statistically significant.
El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las diferencias entre los jugadores de fútbol de los tres clubes de mayor éxito en Kosovo, FC Trepca ´89, FC Prishtina y FC Besa Peje, en términos de características morfológicas y composición corporal. En el estudio se dividieron los 53 sujetos en tres grupos, quince (15) jugadores del FC Trepca ´89 con una edad promedio de 21,80 ± 3,57, los campeones de Kosovo, veinte (20) jugadores del FC Prishtina con una edad promedio de 24,30 ± 4,99, los vicecampeones del Campeonato de Kosovo, y dieciocho (18) jugadores del FC Besa Peje con una edad promedio de 21,83 ± 3,17, los campeones de la Copa de Kosovo. Los jugadores de fútbol fueron evaluados inmediatamente después del final de la temporada de competencias. Las características morfológicas en la composición corporal se evaluaron mediante una batería de 10 variables: altura corporal, peso corporal, circunferencia de la cintura, pliegue de tríceps, pliegue de bíceps, pliegue de la espalda, pliegue abdominal, índice de masa corporal, porcentaje de grasa y masa muscular. El ANOVA y el LSD post hoc determinaron la importancia de las diferencias entre los jugadores de los tres clubes de fútbol más exitosos en las características morfológicas y las variables para evaluar la composición corporal. La prueba de ANOVA encontró que los jugadores de fútbol de los tres clubes mencionados tienen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en una variable que estima la circunferencia de la cintura. La prueba LSD post hoc indicó que los jugadores de fútbol del FC Besa Peje tenían un valor significativamente menor de la circunferencia de la cintura en comparación con los jugadores de fútbol del FC Prishtina y el FC Trepca ´89. Los valores de circunferencia de la cintura de todos los jugadores de fútbol muestran que pertenecen a jugadores entrenados profesionalmente; las diferencias en esta variable son estadísticamente significativas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Futebol , Composição Corporal , Análise de Variância , KosovoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: It has been stated that long-term participation in sport training can influence the motor asymmetry of the arms with a decreased interlimb difference. However, whether this pattern is observable in different sports and with different variables, like perceptual performance, still needs to be tested. Therefore, we investigated if long-term sports participation might modify the motor and perceptual performance asymmetries of arms in water polo players. It was hypothesized that water polo players would perform with less interlimb asymmetry in comparison to nonathletes. METHODS: Right-handed water polo players and nonathletes were tested on motor performance for both arms during a reaching task. Thirteen water polo players and thirteen nonathletes performed reaching movements under two experimental conditions: (a) right arm and (b) left arm. Velocity, accuracy, hand path deviation from linearity, and reaction time were calculated for each trial and for both arms. The potential interlimb differences in movement performance could be assessed by testing. RESULTS: Consistent with the hypothesis, our findings showed that water polo players displayed substantially less asymmetry in the performance of accuracy and reaction time. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that performance asymmetries of arms can be altered via intense long-term practice.
RESUMO
SUMMARY: The purpose of this research is to examine standing height in both Kosovan genders in the Western Region as well as its association with tibia length, as an alternative to estimating standing height. A total of 664 individuals (338 male and 326 female) participated in this research. The anthropometric measurements were taken according to the protocol of ISAK. The relationships between body height and tibia length were determined using simple correlation coefficients at a ninety-five percent confidence interval. A comparison of means of standing height and tibia length between genders was performed using a t-test. After that a linear regression analysis were carried out to examine extent to which foot length can reliably predict standing height. Results displayed that Western Kosovan male are 179.71±5.99 cm tall and have a tibia length of 41.35±3.01 cm, while Western Kosovan female are 166.26±5.23 cm tall and have a tibia length of 37.60±2.52 cm. The results have shown that both genders made Western-Kosovans a tall group, somewhat taller that the general Kosovan population. Moreover, the tibia length reliably predicts standing height in both sexes but, not reliably enough as arm span. This study also confirms the necessity for developing separate height models for each region in Kosovo as the results from Western-Kosovans do not correspond to the general values.
RESUMEN: El propósito de esta investigación consistió en examinar la estatura de individuos de en ambos sexos de Kosovo en la región occidental, así como su asociación con la longitud de la tibia, como una alternativa a la estimación de la estatura de pie. Un total de 664 individuos (338 hombres y 326 mujeres) participaron en esta investigación. Las medidas antropométricas fueron tomadas según el protocolo de ISAK. Las relaciones entre la estatura del cuerpo y la longitud de la tibia se determinaron utilizando coeficientes de correlación simple en un intervalo de confianza del noventa y cinco por ciento. Se realizó una comparación de los medios de la altura de pie y la longitud de la tibia entre los sexos utilizando una prueba t. Después de eso, se llevó a cabo un análisis de regresión lineal para examinar en qué medida la longitud del pie puede predecir de manera confiable la altura del pie. Los resultados muestran que el hombre Kosovar occidental mide 179.71 ± 5.99 cm y tiene una longitud de tibia de 41.35 ± 3.01 cm, mientras que la mujer Kosovar occidental mide 166.26 ± 5.23 cm de alto y tiene una longitud de tibia de 37.60 ± 2.52 cm. Los resultados han demostrado que ambos sexos convirtieron a los kosovares occidentales en un grupo alto, de estatura algo mayor que la población general de Kosovo. Además, la longitud de la tibia predice de manera confiable la estatura en ambos sexos; pero, no lo suficientemente confiable como la extensión del brazo. Este estudio también confirma la necesidad de desarrollar modelos de estatura separados para cada región en Kosovo, ya que los resultados de los kosovares occidentales no corresponden con los valores generales.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Tíbia/anatomia & histologia , Estatura , Antropometria , Análise de Regressão , Kosovo , Posição OrtostáticaRESUMO
SUMMARY: The aim of this research was to determine the differences among the soccer players of three the most successful clubs in Montenegro, FC Buducnost, FC Mladost and FC Sutjeska in a terms of morphological characteristics and body composition. A sample of 70 subjects was divided into three sub-samples. The first sub-sample of the subjects consisted of 30 players of FC Buducnost of the average age 22.73±4.33, the champions of Montenegro in the season 2016/17, the other sub-sample consisted of 17 players of FC Mladost of the average age of 24.59±4.66, the vice champions of the Montenegrin Championship in the season 2016/17, and the last subsample of the examinees consisted of 23 players of FC Sutjeska of the average age 21.69±4.30, the champions of the Cup of Montenegro in the season 2016/17. Soccer players were tested immediately after the end of the competition season 2016/17. Morphological characteristics in the body composition were evaluated by a battery of 11 variables: body height, body weight, body mass index, fat percentage, muscle mass, bone mass, waist circumference, triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, skinfold of the back and abdominal skinfold. Data were analyzed using SPSS and the descriptive statistics were expressed as a mean (SD) for each variable. The significance of the differences between the players of the three the most successful soccer clubs in the morphological characteristics and variables for assessing body composition were determined by ANOVA and LSD Post Hoc test. ANOVA test found that the soccer players of the three mentioned clubs have statistically significant differences by the two variables that estimate the fat percentage and skinfold of the back. LSD Post Hoc test found that the soccer players of FC Sutjeska are significantly better in these variables than other players.
RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las diferencias entre los futbolistas de los tres clubes más exitosos de Montenegro, FC Buducnost, FC Mladost y FC Sutjeska en términos de sus características morfológicas y de su composición corporal. Una muestra de 70 sujetos fue dividida en tres submuestras. La primera sub-muestra consistió en 30 jugadores del FC Buducnost con edades promedio de 22,73 ± 4,33 años, campeones de Montenegro en la temporada 2016/17. La otra sub-muestra consistió en 17 jugadores del FC Mladost con edad promedio de 24,59 ± 4,66 años, vice campeones del Campeonato de Montenegro en la temporada 2016/17. La última sub-muestra consistió en 23 jugadores del FC Sutjeska con edad promedio 21,69 ± 4,30 años, campeones de la Copa de Montenegro. Los jugadores de fútbol se pusieron a prueba inmediatamente después de la final de temporada de competición 2016/17. Las características morfológicas en la composición corporal se evaluaron mediante una batería de 11 variables: altura corporal, peso corporal, índice de masa corporal, porcentaje de grasa, masa muscular, masa ósea, circunferencia de la cintura, pliegue cutáneo tríceps, pliegue cutáneo bíceps, pliegue cutáneo de la espalda y pliegue cutáneo abdominal . Los datos se analizaron mediante SPSS y las estadísticas descriptivas se expresaron como una media (DE) para cada variable. La importancia de las diferencias entre los jugadores de los tres clubes de fútbol más exitosos en cuanto a las características morfológicas y las variables para evaluar la composición corporal se determinó mediante la prueba ANOVA y LSD Post Hoc. La prueba ANOVA encontró que los jugadores de fútbol de los tres clubes mencionados tienen diferencias estadísticamente significativas para las dos variables que estiman el porcentaje de grasa y el pliegue cutáneo de la espalda. La prueba LSD Post Hoc encontró que los jugadores de fútbol del FC Sutjeska son significativamente mejores en estas variables que otros jugadores.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Futebol , Composição Corporal , Peso Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Análise de Variância , Montenegro , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
The purpose of this research is to examine stature in both Kosovan sexes as well as its association with arm span, as an alternative to estimating stature. A total of 1623 individuals (830 boys and 793 girls) participated in this research. The anthropometric measurements were taken according to the protocol of ISAK. The relationships between stature and arm span were determined using simple correlation coefficients at a ninety-five percent confidence interval. Then a linear regression analysis was carried out to examine extent to which arm span can reliably predict stature. Results displayed that Kosovan boys are 179.52±5.96 cm tall and have an arm span of 181.29±7.02 cm, while Kosovan girls are 165.72±4.93 cm tall and have an arm span of 165.60±5.87 cm. The results have shown that both sexes made Kosovans a tall nation but not even close to be in the top tallest nations. Moreover, the arm span reliably predicts stature in both sexes.
El propósito de esta investigación fue examinar la talla en individuos kosovares de ambos sexos, así como su asociación con la extensión de brazo como una alternativa para la estimación de estatura. En la investigación participaron 1623 personas (830 hombres y 793 mujeres) . Las mediciones antropométricas se tomaron de acuerdo con el protocolo de ISAK. Las relaciones entre la talla y la extensión del brazo se determinó utilizando coeficientes de correlación simple con un 95 % de confianza. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de regresión lineal para examinar hasta qué punto la extensión de brazo puede predecir la estatura. Los resultados mostraron que los varones kosovares tienen 179.52 ± 5.96 cm de altura y tienen una extensión de brazo de 181.29 ± 7.02 cm, mientras que las mujeres kosovares tienen 165.72 ± 4.93 cm de altura y extensión de brazo de 165.60 ± 5.87 cm. Los resultados indicaron que los individuos kosovares de ambos sexos son una población alta, sin embargo las mediciones no se acercaron a poblaciones en las naciones de mayor altura. Además, la extensión de brazo fue predecible en cuanto a la estatura en ambos sexos.
